Preoperative diagnosis of atypical pelvic leiomyoma and sarcoma: the potential role of diffusion-weighted imaging.

The objective of our study was to determine the utility of diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance (DWMR) to differentiate the atypical uterine leiomyomas and sarcomas, establishing a cut-off value of the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) to rule out the malignancy. We performed a diagnostic accuracy retrospective study including 10 patients with pelvic sarcomas and 17 patients with leiomyomas. Atypical morphological features in magnetic resonance (MR) studies occurred in 58.8% of the patients, leading to a significant number of indeterminate diagnoses. In contrast, ADC values were consistent for leiomyomas, sarcomas, primary tumours, recurrences, intrauterine and in the extrauterine pelvic locations. The ADC cut-off value was set in 1 (×10-3 mm2/s). Thus, the ADC values equal or superior to 1 × 10-3 mm2/s were always associated with a leiomyoma. The structural MR accuracy was 66.7%, reaching 100% when using DWMR with dichotomised ADC values. Diffusion-weighted imaging with the quantitative measurement of ADC may be considered a useful preoperative test for the differentiation of atypical leiomyomas from sarcomas. Impact statement What is already known on this subject? Papers reporting the utility of a diffusion-weighted MR for the diagnosis of uterine sarcomas are scarce and consist of a small series. However, the published results are consistent with our study, with the decreased ADCs in the case of malignancy. What do the results of this study add? The main differential characteristic of our study is that we selected only the atypical leiomyomas: they share sonographic and MR features with sarcomas, which often leads to an inaccurate diagnosis. This is also the first paper reporting on the role of DWMR with ADC for these types of tumours in extrauterine pelvic locations. We demonstrated a consistent relationship between dichotomised ADC values in leiomyomas/sarcomas for these particular cases and in recurrent tumours, with no overlap between both the groups, as a difference with the previous reports. What are the implications of these findings for clinical practice and/or further research? Our study can be considered as a proof of concept supporting DWMR with ADC measurement as a useful tool to enhance the diagnostic accuracy of MR, highlighting its value to rule out malignancy. Hence, DWMR seems to be a potential useful test to include in the preoperative evaluation of clinically atypical uterine tumours.

Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging evaluation of intra-abdominal sites of implants to predict likelihood of suboptimal cytoreductive surgery in patients with ovarian carcinoma.

OBJECTIVES: To analyse the diagnostic accuracy and to establish a predictive score based on diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DWMRI) compared to exploratory laparotomy (EL) for predicting suboptimal cytoreductive surgery for different intra-abdominal sites of implants in patients with ovarian cancer. METHODS: Thirty-four patients with advanced ovarian carcinoma were studied. Preoperative DWMRI of the abdomen and pelvis was performed. DWMRI findings were compared with EL. Ten anatomical sites were selected for inclusion in the score. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and accuracy for suboptimal cytoreduction were calculated for both DWMRI and EL. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to assess the ability to predict suboptimal cytoreduction. RESULTS: Using predictive score, ROC curves were generated with an area under the curve of 0.938 for DWMRI and 0.947 for EL (P < 0.0001). For DWMRI, a score ≥6 had the highest overall accuracy at 91.1 % and identified patients with unnecessary EL with a sensitivity of 75 %. For EL, a score ≥4 had the highest overall accuracy at 88.2 % and was able to identify patients with unnecessary EL with a sensitivity of 87.5 %. CONCLUSIONS: DWMRI is an emerging technique that may be useful to predict suboptimal cytoreduction in ovarian cancer. KEY POINTS: • DWMRI is increasingly used in ovarian cancer. • DWMRI is an accurate technique for depicting intra-abdominal sites of implants • DWMRI is useful for predicting optimal cytoreductive surgical outcome. • We report a high predictive value similar to exploratory laparotomy.

Role of New Functional MRI Techniques in the Diagnosis, Staging, and Followup of Gynecological Cancer: Comparison with PET-CT.

Recent developments in diagnostic imaging techniques have magnified the role and potential of both MRI and PET-CT in female pelvic imaging. This article reviews the techniques and clinical applications of new functional MRI (fMRI) including diffusion-weighted MRI (DWI), dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE)-MRI, comparing with PET-CT. These new emerging provide not only anatomic but also functional imaging, allowing detection of small volumes of active tumor at diagnosis and early disease relapse, which may not result in detectable morphological changes at conventional imaging. This information is useful in distinguishing between recurrent/residual tumor and post-treatment changes and assessing treatment response, with a clear impact on patient management. Both PET-CT and now fMRI have proved to be very valuable tools for evaluation of gynecologic tumors. Most papers try to compare these techniques, but in our experience both are complementary in management of these patients. Meanwhile PET-CT is superior in diagnosis of ganglionar disease; fMRI presents higher accuracy in local preoperative staging. Both techniques can be used as biomarkers of tumor response and present high accuracy in diagnosis of local recurrence and peritoneal dissemination, with complementary roles depending on histological type, anatomic location and tumoral volume.

Describen la utilidad de la resonancia magnética en el diagnóstico del cáncer de cerviz: [revisión] / Advances in imaging diagnosis, scheduling and radiotherapy for cervical cancer: [review]

La resonancia magnética (RM) es una herramienta de gran ayuda para la evaluación del cáncer de cérvix. Cuando se integra junto a los hallazgos clínicos, permite optimizar el plan de tratamiento. En el cáncer de cérvix la RM es superior a otras modalidades de diagnóstico por imágenes, tanto para la estadificación local como para la identificación de recurrencias locales. Esta preferencia se debe al desarrollo de nuevas secuencias y antenas, la introducción de nuevos agentes de contraste y la evidencia acumulada durante los últimos años de la gran eficacia de la RM en la evaluación y manejo del cáncer de cérvix. Las principales limitaciones de la estadificación clínica son la evaluación del parametrio, la invasión de la pared pélvica, la extensión proximal del tumor y la evaluación de las metástasis línfáticas. La RM es la técnica más precisa para el estudio de estas estructuras, ya que tiene un importante papel para determinar el volumen tumoral, la localización, el estadio y la extensión proximal con vistas a una posible cirugía con preservación de la fertilidad. En un futuro cercano, el desarrollo de nuevas técnicas incrementará su potencial en el diagnóstico y seguimiento de estas pacientes. La secuencia ponderada en difusión es una técnica recientemente introducida basada en difusión molecular, muy útil para discriminar entre lesiones benignas y malignas y para el estudio de diseminación peritoneal.

Describen la utilidad de la resonancia magnética en el diagnóstico del cáncer de cerviz: [revisión] / Advances in imaging diagnosis, scheduling and radiotherapy for cervical cancer: [review]

La resonancia magnética (RM) es una herramienta de gran ayuda para la evaluación del cáncer de cérvix. Cuando se integra junto a los hallazgos clínicos, permite optimizar el plan de tratamiento. En el cáncer de cérvix la RM es superior a otras modalidades de diagnóstico por imágenes, tanto para la estadificación local como para la identificación de recurrencias locales. Esta preferencia se debe al desarrollo de nuevas secuencias y antenas, la introducción de nuevos agentes de contraste y la evidencia acumulada durante los últimos años de la gran eficacia de la RM en la evaluación y manejo del cáncer de cérvix. Las principales limitaciones de la estadificación clínica son la evaluación del parametrio, la invasión de la pared pélvica, la extensión proximal del tumor y la evaluación de las metástasis línfáticas. La RM es la técnica más precisa para el estudio de estas estructuras, ya que tiene un importante papel para determinar el volumen tumoral, la localización, el estadio y la extensión proximal con vistas a una posible cirugía con preservación de la fertilidad. En un futuro cercano, el desarrollo de nuevas técnicas incrementará su potencial en el diagnóstico y seguimiento de estas pacientes. La secuencia ponderada en difusión es una técnica recientemente introducida basada en difusión molecular, muy útil para discriminar entre lesiones benignas y malignas y para el estudio de diseminación peritoneal.(AU)

Current imaging modalities in the diagnosis of cervical cancer.

Imaging has become an important adjunct to the clinical assessment of uterine cancer, specially magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies. In cervical cancer, the two areas in which MRI is superior to other diagnostic imaging modalities are local diseases staging and evaluation for local recurrence. MRI is an integral part in staging the primary tumour, monitoring responce to treatment, detecting complications and recurrence, and in planning radiotheraphy. MRI has a crucial role in the development of fertility-sparing surgery in young women with cervical cancer. Imaging continually evolves in response to changes in clinical practice and technologic improvements. The choice of imaging modality is not only case specific but also depends of the radiologic experience and equipment availability.